No single combination of five cutting-site preparation treatments resulted in superior natural regeneration in spruce-fir stands in Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho. Best results were generally obtained by partial cutting, with minimal disturbance of litter and organic matter, especially on harsh, high-elevation sites. Most sites remained receptive to natural regeneration; however, high seedling mortality resulted in slow accumulation of established seedlings on all treatment combinations. For optimum natural regeneration, silvicultural prescriptions must be stand and forest specific.